Human to human and contact transmission of influenza occur - but are overvalued immense:
Initial introduction of influenza viruses to the population via abiotic water supply versus biotic human viral respirated droplet shedding
The primary, initial transmission of the human influenza epidemics by the biotic droplet infection is not proven and extremely improbably as influenza epidemics • appear only in 9% of the cases (season 2004/2005 in Germany) together with recognized clusters. • appear virologically locally singularly (influenza-subtypes and precision typing). • appear geographically locally singularly. • are not proven with priority in large cities and densely populated areas. • appear predominantly in the colder regions of Germany. • regularly reach their maxima in certain districts/cities. • in temperate climates strictly run parallel to the course of the sum of coldness during the winter. • can hardly spread via saliva droplets. Saliva contains far less Influenza viruses than the - heavier - droplets from throat and nose.
In temperate climates Influenza epidemics run strictly parallel to the course of the sum of coldness during winter. In hot climates/tropics the flood-related influenza is typical after extreme weather and natural after a flood. Virulence of influenza virus depends on temperature and time. If young and fresh contaminated water from a local low well, a cistern, tank, rain barrel or rice field is used water temperature may be higher. In Germany about 98% inhabitants have a central public water supply with older and better protected water. In Germany therefore coldness is decisive as to virulence of influenza viruses in drinking water.
Human influenza viruses could be proven in the excretions of mammals such as pigs (faecal and oronasal), wild boar (faecal and oronasal), cattle and goats, so that the transmission path from the environment over waters and the drinking water in principle is possible.
Drinking water is often not or only roughly filtered. Small viruses are not definitely removed thereby.
"Cooling chain of the public water supply" Coldness is by far the most important parameter for the preservation of virulent influenza viruses in water. The soil temperatures in a meter of depth correspond to the temperatures of the drinking water pipelines that are laid frost-protected in the soils. The temperature minima of the soil temperatures in a 100 cm depth value in Germany during the months February and March 3-5°C and follows in particular the run of the wintry cold sum. Cold by influenza viruses contaminated drinking water can be the abiotic vehicle, which conserves virulent influenza viruses in the winter at 4-5°C and transports them over the "cooling chain of the public water supply" to humans during the months February and March.
Infections by drinking water will not be transmitted alone by drinking the water. Further transmission paths are the inhalation of aerosols and the contact with the drinking water. Access for humans are the conjunctiva, the nose mucous membrane, the mouth mucous membrane, the eardrum, wounds and by catheters affected other mucous membranes.
Conclusions The primary transmission of the influenza by the biotic “warm” droplet infection from human to human is, already because of the strict dependence on environmental temperatures in temperate climates, extremely improbable. The influenza must be triggered by an abiotic vehicle, which is increasingly efficient regarding the spread of infections with increasingly cold environmental temperatures. Therefore it has to be searched for abiotic vehicles dependent on cold environmental temperatures for the transmission of the influenza in temperate climates. Drinking water is such an abiotic vehicle. The stated references and indications show that cold drinking water can be that abiotic vehicle, by which virulent human Influenza viruses from the reservoirs reach humans and triggers predominantly the seasonal influenza epidemics. That applies in particular also to the extremely lethal H5N1 bird flu, whose faecal transmission is indisputable.
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branchandroot
H5N1 avian flu: Spread by drinking water
Date: 2007-09-02 02:00 pm (UTC)Initial introduction of influenza viruses to the population via abiotic water supply versus biotic human viral respirated droplet shedding
The primary, initial transmission of the human influenza epidemics by the biotic droplet infection is not proven and extremely improbably as influenza epidemics
• appear only in 9% of the cases (season 2004/2005 in Germany) together with recognized clusters.
• appear virologically locally singularly (influenza-subtypes and precision typing).
• appear geographically locally singularly.
• are not proven with priority in large cities and densely populated areas.
• appear predominantly in the colder regions of Germany.
• regularly reach their maxima in certain districts/cities.
• in temperate climates strictly run parallel to the course of the sum of coldness during the winter.
• can hardly spread via saliva droplets. Saliva contains far less Influenza viruses than the - heavier - droplets from throat and nose.
In temperate climates Influenza epidemics run strictly parallel to the course of the sum of coldness during winter. In hot climates/tropics the flood-related influenza is typical after extreme weather and natural after a flood. Virulence of influenza virus depends on temperature and time. If young and fresh contaminated water from a local low well, a cistern, tank, rain barrel or rice field is used water temperature may be higher. In Germany about 98% inhabitants have a central public water supply with older and better protected water. In Germany therefore coldness is decisive as to virulence of influenza viruses in drinking water.
Human influenza viruses could be proven in the excretions of mammals such as pigs (faecal and oronasal), wild boar (faecal and oronasal), cattle and goats, so that the transmission path from the environment over waters and the drinking water in principle is possible.
Drinking water is often not or only roughly filtered. Small viruses are not definitely removed thereby.
"Cooling chain of the public water supply"
Coldness is by far the most important parameter for the preservation of virulent influenza viruses in water. The soil temperatures in a meter of depth correspond to the temperatures of the drinking water pipelines that are laid frost-protected in the soils. The temperature minima of the soil temperatures in a 100 cm depth value in Germany during the months February and March 3-5°C and follows in particular the run of the wintry cold sum. Cold by influenza viruses contaminated drinking water can be the abiotic vehicle, which conserves virulent influenza viruses in the winter at 4-5°C and transports them over the "cooling chain of the public water supply" to humans during the months February and March.
Infections by drinking water will not be transmitted alone by drinking the water. Further transmission paths are the inhalation of aerosols and the contact with the drinking water. Access for humans are the conjunctiva, the nose mucous membrane, the mouth mucous membrane, the eardrum, wounds and by catheters affected other mucous membranes.
Conclusions
The primary transmission of the influenza by the biotic “warm” droplet infection from human to human is, already because of the strict dependence on environmental temperatures in temperate climates, extremely improbable. The influenza must be triggered by an abiotic vehicle, which is increasingly efficient regarding the spread of infections with increasingly cold environmental temperatures. Therefore it has to be searched for abiotic vehicles dependent on cold environmental temperatures for the transmission of the influenza in temperate climates. Drinking water is such an abiotic vehicle. The stated references and indications show that cold drinking water can be that abiotic vehicle, by which virulent human Influenza viruses from the reservoirs reach humans and triggers predominantly the seasonal influenza epidemics. That applies in particular also to the extremely lethal H5N1 bird flu, whose faecal transmission is indisputable.
Dipl.-Ing. Wilfried Soddemann
soddemann-aachen@t-online.de